Process, People, and Pods


Thursday, 19 July 2007

Masters, Journeymen, and Apprentices: Part 1

I have proposed the heresy that all programmers are not created equal. I further dissed most typical correllations to programmer productivity (title, salary, etc.) may not be useful in predicting differences in productivity. Thus I have turned to a different system.

I classify developers as Masters, Journeymen, or Apprentices. This is a taxonomy I picked up from Ken Auer of RoleModel Software; I think he got if from a former company he worked at, KSC. But I have seen other references in the literature to it as well. The model refers to craftsmen of the Middle Ages, but applies to many disciplines today that involve learning a skill.

Briefly, an apprentice is a developer who is still learning the requisite skills. Constant supervision is necessary because an apprentice may not know when she/he is doing something wrong. Techniques are being learned, but the why of the technique is still a bit vague. Stringing together techniques is a bit beyond the apprentice.

A journeyman has mastered the techniques of the craft. Supervision is rarely required. Given a task, journeymen can complete it in reasonable time with quality results. But they are not yet masters.

A master has all the journeyman skills, but also is able to innovate within the craft. Given a new problem, the master can conceive of a solution. Then the journeymen can be turned loose to help him implement it.

In an Agile team, the skill I am looking for is object-oriented programming (OOP) because Agile hinges upon the ability to write code that can change. Most programmers don't know how to do that, particularly with object-oriented programming. Don't confuse object-oriented programming with object-oriented languages like Java, C#, C++, or Ruby. Using one of those languages (sadly) does not ensure an understanding of object-oriented programming.

An apprentice in OOP is a effective programmer and can construct loops, methods, and classes, but is still learning how to separate the business problem into objects. Encapsulation is being learned (which means no getters or setters for the classes). Code is being placed into the appropriate classes rather in giant god class. if statements litter the code as the apprentice is still learning design patterns to eliminate them. Class sizes and method sizes tend to be larger than smaller. Code requires comments to aid in understanding, and blank lines are common in the middle of methods to group code together. An apprentice is beginning to understand the patterns of bad code (the imfamous code smells), but lacks the tools to understand how to eliminate them.

The journeyman is adept in OOP techniques. The classes exhibit crisp conceptualizations distinguishing them from each other. Boundaries are clear; methods are small. Design patterns are common, and exist in inverse proportion to the number of if statements. else statements are quite infrequent, and case statements have vanished. (I write about one case statement every 18 months or so.) Given a problem and a broad outline of a design, journeymen will implement it with little need for supervision or support.

A master has all the above skills, plus a near magical ability to hear a problem and see objects for a solution. They never seem stuck, and always seem to have a solution to the code smell that is stumping the journeyman. A quick conversation with a master can remove a barrier slowing down a journeyman, or reset the direction being taken to save significant effort.

So why bother with this classification? The corresponding productivity model, particularly on significant, business critical applications. Let's say a regular programmer produces at 1x. An apprentice is essentially a 1x programmer. Then a journeyman is a 2x programmer. There is that much difference in learning those OO techniques. But a master... Well a master is a 5x-10x programmer! They can literally run circles around an apprentice. Even more important, when an apprentice can't get anything done because of the complexity of the problem, the master cuts through it like a hot knife through butter.

A true example from a former client project: In the third release of a project, we reduced the team size to six programmers. These six programmers were keeping 17 acceptance testers hopping just to keep up! The client was running around the halls trying to find additional testers. The six programmers: four masters and two journeymen, a virtual team of around 40 in productivity. No wonder it took so many testers to keep up.

So in my resource planning spreadsheets, I literally identify apprentices, journeymen, and masters as separate resources, and use 1x, 2x, and 5x multipliers to get a virtual body count. I use the virtual body count to compare to non-OO waterfall estimates of the same work. And I never count a swap of a master for a journeyman.

More musings on the M-J-A model in later posts...

143 comments:

Mike Hadlow said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Mike Hadlow said...

Great post, but I think that most Microsoft shops don't even come up to your Apprentice level. I've commented here

Fred George said...

Nice responding post! I wish I had said some of the things as clearly as you have. As for OO skills, I would agree with you: Most programmers are Apprentices (and not just Microsoft shops). They were taught at university by professors who were Apprentices. They sit beside colleagues that are Apprentices. The bad news is two-fold: They don't know that there is anything more, and they don't have access to people who could show them more. The good side: If you fix those two problems, they make the transition quite easily.

Jaga said...

Great article. I am curious to know what is your measure of productivity when you say a master is 10x an apprentice? Are you thinking in terms of conventional metrics like FP or kloc / phr or in terms of velocity or something else?

Rgds,
Jaga

John said...

I love this entry. That said, I have to wonder how programmers can make these jumps without having the benefit of working with better programmers? And, if it isn't possible today, what would make it possible?

Fred George said...

John,

I think you can pull yourself up to Journeyman through good books and disciplined practice. It is certainly more difficult than having someone to learn from.

As for Master, it's doubly gloomy. First, only a minority of programmers have the skills to reach that plateau (think architect as a reference point). Second, books seem woefully inadequate to help that leap. For Master levels in objects, Ward Cunningham probably figured it out in concert with his team (which included Kent Beck), but of course Ward invented the Wiki, so he is not an ordinary case. That being said, I can name a few colleagues, but they're a minority of a minority.

Short advise: Get as far as you can on your own, then be ready for that day you can pair up with a Master. It could be a short trip!

Fred George said...

Jaga,

A late reply from me. Sorry.

The 10x factor would be on any functional measure. Story points or functional points would work. Lines of code probably doesn't work, since Masters write "tight" code. Their key to productivity is they find that "tight" code so much quicker than their colleagues.

And the 10x doesn't count the problems that Masters can solve that completely stymy other programmers.

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中生代毛毛蟲在酒店經紀事業穩固後,也開始跨足經營酒店,他原本在中山區開金磚、金聰、金昌、金億等搖頭酒店,卻因屢傳鬥毆及吸毒事件,加上6年前轟動一時的「信義夜店殺警案」,許多嫌犯都隸屬「中山聯盟」成員,該聯盟也有負責處理毛毛蟲旗下酒店的經紀、圍事、泊車等業務,讓他的店成為轄區警方的眼中釘。
另一位也是酒店經紀帶小姐的後起之秀新生代酒店經紀梁曉尊型式作風反而行事低調,主要經營模式採用大規模大數據(網路行銷事業)來應徵酒店小姐,Google 搜尋:梁曉尊/梁小尊。獲得亞洲地區Google認證關鍵字達到全版面。不僅如此⋯八大行業主要關鍵字(酒店工作)、(酒店上班)、(酒店經紀)、(酒店打工)、(酒店應徵)、(酒店兼差)、(酒店兼職)每組關鍵字都在首頁榮獲前3名。雖然遇到危機,但中生代毛毛蟲卻在這個時間點,開始接觸一些政商名流,開啟了主攻高檔市場的契機。由於毛毛蟲的店收費較其他高級俱樂部低,「小框」4個小時,只需5、6千元,讓許多商務客趨之若鶩。加上新生代梁曉尊頗具生意頭腦以及龐大的小姐人數,光大台北地區兩位佔市場最大公約數。

梁爵 said...

2020.07.22不敢來酒店上班-酒店打工的原因有關於八大行業酒店上班【簽約/合約】的問題!我梁曉尊做一次總解答讓妳們解決心中的困惑。
1: 酒店小姐的基本介紹跟工作內容已現在酒店上班沒有所謂的簽合約/切結書,因為這樣是綁小姐的做法,很不道德…【小姐總有一天會離開,強求她留在八大這是不人道的行為】
2: 我在酒店上班的日子在職人員想更換經紀人或酒店不想做了…卻有合約在身怎麼辦~…!?我梁曉尊直接跟你說可以馬上離開了
a : 酒店兼差不是一個複雜的工作環境?合約內容酒店小姐上班通常會取什麼名字?本身要件要有【商營利事業登記編號/還有政府認證核發蓋章】因為這些文件都是要繳稅的….一但登報稅了,您自己想想妳在職期間這幾年{妳}家人~早就會知道你在八大行業了…..反而家人卻沒發現,每年也都沒有繳稅單更沒有勞健保,因為這份是假合約【法律用語:偽造文書】
b :合約內容常有一段話:幾年以內不能離職/幾年內不能更換經紀人。這番話已經觸犯【法律用語:強制罪】
c :從一開始的違法合約到內容的不人道,甚至離職還又要賠償..。我梁曉尊跟妳說【妳被唬了】
d : 酒店小姐去酒店上班都一定要出場接s嗎?重頭到尾觸法的假合約,真的到警察局/法院 {妳}是贏家。
e :我梁曉尊做經紀人快十年了…我還沒見過有經紀公司拿著合約去警局敢賭這件事。

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